The genomic length of HIV is around 9.5 kb. Researchers have categorized the HIV-1 virus into groups, subtypes and sub-subtypes that classification is based on the genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis. The HIV-1 i ...
Despite plaguing humans for thousands of years, tuberculosis remains a widespread and lethal public health problem throughout the world today. The recent rise of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) perpetuates the ...
Protein biomarkers. Proteins are particularly useful molecules to use as biomarkers as they are often the effectors of diseases and the targets of therapeutic treatments. Using panels of protein biomarkers, healthcare experts can perform accurate ...
Allergen immunotherapy is the repeated administration of allergen extracts to allergic individuals in order to provide long-term relief of symptoms and improvement in quality of life during subsequent natural allergen exposure. Allergen immunother ...
Human health has a significant importance and it is directly affected by a number of factors like different diseases including microbial and viral infections. Up till now we have paid attention to the disease causing vir ...
Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor and can occur in any bone, usually in the extremities of long bones near metaphysealgrowth plates. The most common sites are the femur (42%), tibia (19%), and humerus (10%). Other signifi cant locationsare the skull an ...
Inflammatory biomarkers include cellular factors (for example, lymphocytes) or molecular factors (for example, cytokines) either present in the circulation or localized to tissues. Therefore, efforts have been made to find markers that indicate th ...
The term "malignancy" refers to the presence of cancerous cells that have the ability to spread to other sites in the body (metastasize) or to invade nearby (locally) and destroy tissues. Malignant cells tend to have fast, uncontrolled g ...
Anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) represent a basal fungal lineage (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) that resides in the rumen and alimentary tracts of herbivores. The AGF reproduce asexually, with a life cycle that involves flagellated zoospores released fr ...
Fungal strain engineering is commonly used in many areas of biotechnology, including the production of plant biomass degrading enzymes. Its aim varies from the production of specific enzymes to overall increased enzyme production levels and modifi ...
Cancer is a genetic disease; tumor cells differ from their normal progenitors by genetic alterations that affect growth-regulatory genes. There exist 2 classes of such cancer genes: the oncogenes, which function as positive growth regulators, and ...
Neglected tropical diseases, including lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, represent a serious burden to public health. Unlike many public-health risks, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV, ...
The influence of microorganisms on winemaking begins in the vineyard and develops through fermentation and storage or aging of the wine. Grapes arriving at the winery refl ect not only the condition of fruit at harvest but also the method of harve ...
Cocoa beans and cocoa products contain considerable amounts of bioactive compounds. Harvesting cocoa fruit too early or too late may have effects on the phenolic and alkaloid concentrations of the cocoa powder. Fermentation, a primary processing u ...
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous and versatile cell organelles. They consist of a single membrane that encloses a proteinaceous matrix. Conserved functions are fatty acid β-oxidation and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. In filamentous fungi, many othe ...
Investigating optimal conditions for lignin-degrading peroxidases production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) has been a topic for numerous researches. The capability of P. chrysosporium for producing lignin peroxidases (LiPs) and ...
Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium are promising fungus species in veterinary biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes because of their production capacity of fungal structures (conidia and/or chla ...
Ultrasound is an emerging technology that can be applied to monitor food processes. However, ultrasonic techniques are usually limited to research activities within a laboratory environment and they are not extensively used in industrial processes ...
The absorption and subsequent re-radiation of light by organic and inorganic specimens is typically the result of well-established physical phenomena described as being either fluorescence or phosphorescence ...
To successfully deliver probiotic benefits to the consumer, several criteria must be met. Here, we discuss the often-forgotten challenges in manufacturing the strains and incorporating them in consumer products that provide the required ...