The major classes of cytokines include: pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, cytokines of neutrophil and eosinophil recruitment and activation, cytokines derived from T-helper (Th) and T-regulatory (Tregs) cells, and cy ...
Cytokines are signalling proteins, usually less than 80 kDa in size, which regulate a wide range of biological functions including innate and acquired immunity, haematopoiesis, inflammation and repair, and proliferation ...
Environmental forensics and chemical fingerprinting involve identifying the type of contamination, tracing it back to its source, and occasionally fingerprinting to identify a specific source. It is useful in both remediation and litigation. ...
Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all adults with HIV infection. Evidence for benefits of treatment and quality of available data increase at lower CD4 cell counts. Recommended initial regimens include 2 nucleoside reverse transcrip ...
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infecti ...
When the immune system functions normally, it produces a response intended to protect against harmful or foreign substances like bacteria, parasites, and cancerous cells. The response may include specific immune cells an ...
Environmental forensics and chemical fingerprinting involve identifying the type of contamination, tracing it back to its source, and occasionally fingerprinting to identify a specific source. It is useful in both remediation and litigation. It in ...
When you have an autoimmune disorder, your immune system does not distinguish between healthy tissue and potentially harmful antigens. As a result, the body sets off a reaction that destroys normal tissues. The exact cau ...
Immune system disorders cause abnormally low activity or over activity of the immune system. In cases of immune system over activity, the body attacks and damages its own tissu ...
An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body. The immune system normally guards against germs like bacteria and viruses. When it senses these foreign invaders, it sends ou ...
The word Immunohistochemistry derived from the words "immuno," refering to antibodies employed in the procedure, and "histo," which means tissue. It can be defined as the process of antigen or protein detection in the biologica ...
Melanoma represents the most aggressive and the deadliest form of skin cancer. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical resection, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The therapeutic str ...
Propolis is a bee product which has shown antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. It also stimulates wound-healing. Propolis has a lot of components, but also some allergens were identified. Propolis may induce allergy, mai ...
Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating infection with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide and may manifest as meningitis, tuberculoma, abscess, or other forms of disease. Immunosuppression, due to either human ...
Alcoholic fermentation, additionally named as ethyl alcohol fermentation, could be a process within which sugars like aldohexose, fructose, and disaccharide ar regenerate into cellular energy and thereby manufacture ethyl alcohol and greenhouse ga ...
Milk products prepared by lactic acid fermentation (e.g. yoghurt) or a combination of this and yeast fermentation (e.g. Kefir) are called fermented or cultured milks. The term fermented will be used in this chapter. Fermented milk is the ...
batch culture A technique used to grow microorganisms or cells. A limited supply of nutrients for growth is provided; when these are used up, or some other factor becomes limiting, the culture declines. Cells, or products tha ...
A process that uses anaerobic microorganisms and mimics the digestive processes of cattle could change the way organic waste and biomass crops are converted into bioenergy. But with a more sustainable way of life and climate-change high on politic ...
Tuberculosis is an extremely infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s one of the top-10 causes of death worldwide. Tuberculosis (TB) is most common in developing countries, but more than 9,000 cas ...
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent diseases. A vaccine helps the body’s immune system to recognize and fight pathogens like viruses or bacteria, which then keeps us safe from the diseases they cause. Vaccines prote ...