Drug is a chemical substance that is used to prevent, treat and cure a particular disease. The effect of a drug is always depended on the dosage and duration. In excess the drug can lead to toxicity. The exact mechanism of a drug is indeed required to know the toxicity of a drug. Innovations are new idea, device or process. Innovations are the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, inarticulated needs or existing market needs. It is proficient through more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or new ideas that are readily available to markets, governments and society.
A number of advanced tools can now be used in toxicological and epidemiological research; some examples are listed below.
Large banks of immortalized cells that are derived from lymphocytes and collected from different populations worldwide are available for toxicological research. Genetically diverse mouse strains have been created by a multi-institution collaboration (the Complex Trait Consortium; Threadgill and Churchill 2012) and are available for medical and toxicological research. They have been fully genotyped because of the relatively low cost of sequencing today, and the sequence information is publicly available. Microarrays and next-generation RNA sequencing can reveal postexposure changes in the simultaneous expression of large numbers of genes (the transcriptome). Technologies are also now available to profile the epigenome (epigenetic changes, such as methylation and histone modifications), the proteome (proteins present in the cell), and metabolome (small molecules). Large compilations of a wide variety of biological data are publicly available, as is software for data access, interpretation, and prediction. Text-mining tools applied to scientific-literature databases provide approaches for developing hypotheses on relationships between chemicals, genes, and diseases. Automated systems that use multiwell plates provide a high-throughput platform for measuring a wide array of effects in cells and cellular components in response to chemical exposures. Automated, multiwell testing can also be applied for rapid testing of zebrafish, vertebrates that are relatively genetically homologous with humans. Computational advances have enabled the development of chemical structure–based methods for predicting toxicity and systems-biology models for evaluating the effects of perturbing various biological pathways.