Thoracic surgery can address different types of conditions, such as lung cancer, tumours and benign growths in the lung, oesophageal cancer, achalasia and other swallowing issues, strictures and tumours in the oesophagus, gastroesophageal reflux, mesothelioma, lung infections and effusions Thoracotomy is one of the most painful surgical stimuli currently practiced. Inadequate management of post-thoracotomy pain can increase patients discomfort and it is often associated with postoperative pulmonary and cardiac complications. A journal is a periodical publication intended to further progress of science, usually by reporting new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals publish articles, reviews, editorials, short communications, letters, and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Journals contain articles that peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.