Journal Article is sometimes called a Scientific Article, a Peer-Reviewed Article, or a Scholarly Research Article. Together, journal articles in a particular field are often referred to as The Literature. Journal articles are most often Primary Research Articles. However, they can also be Review Articles. These types of articles have different aims and requirements. Sometimes, an article describes a new tool or method. Because articles in scientific journals are specific, meticulously cited and peer-reviewed, journal databases are the best place to look for information on previous research on your species. Without a background in the field, journal articles may be hard to understand - however, you do not need to understand an entire article to be able to get valuable information from it. Cytogenetics can be defined as that deals with the study of structure and function of the cell, mainly focussing on the structure and composition of the cell. Cytogenetic tests are usuallly carried out during the time of pregnancy to determine any structural or chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. As the changes occur in the chromosomes, thus disrupting the genes and finally leading to the production of fatal or abnormal proteins, thereby resulting in mild to severe or lethal birth defects.