Diagnostic microbiology has been developing to rapidly detect and accurately identify implicated microorganisms in test specimens through a variety of techniques. Technologic changes have made constant and enormous progress in the various areas including bacteriology, mycology, mycobacteriology, parasitology, and virology during the past two decades in the field of diagnostic microbiology. The physical structure of laboratories, staffing patterns, work flow, and turnaround time have all been profoundly influenced by technical advances. The implementation of nucleic acid amplification-based molecular techniques provides complementary, rapid, and on-demand diagnosis services. These changes will continue, and lead diagnostic microbiology inevitably to a modern discipline, which can face any challenges in the future