Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is part of ion chromatography which is an important analytical technique for the separation and determination of ionic compounds, together with ion-partition/interaction and ion-exclusion chromatography. Ion chromatography separation is based on ionic (or electrostatic) interactions between ionic and polar analytes, ions present in the eluent and ionic functional groups fixed to the chromatographic support. Two distinct mechanisms as follows; ion exchange due to competitive ionic binding (attraction) and ion exclusion due to repulsion between similarly charged analyte ions and the ions fixed on the chromatographic support, play a role in the separation in ion chromatography. Ion exchange has been the predominant form of ion chromatography to date. This chromatography is one of the most important adsorption techniques used in the separation of peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and related biopolymers which are charged molecules in different molecular sizes and molecular nature. The separation is based on the formation of ionic bonds between the charged groups of biomolecules and an ion-exchange gel/support carrying the opposite charge. Biomolecules display different degrees of interaction with charged chromatography media due to their varying charge properties. The earliest report of ion-exchange chromatography date back to 1850, Thompson studied the adsorption of ammonium ions to soils. Spedding and Powell published a series of papers describing practical methods for preparative separation of the rare earths by displacement ion-exchange chromatography in 1947. Beginning in the 1950s, Kraus and Nelson reported numerous analytical methods which are used for metal ions based on separation of their chloride, fluoride, nitrate or sulfate complexes by anion chromatography.