Bio-Synthesis provides custom biomolecule immobilization of inorganic nano or macroparticles to be used in applications such as ligand purification, magnetic resonance, fluorescence imaging, cell targeting, diagnostic assay and drug delivery. Using proprietary coating technologies, we offer exceptionally low background, consistent quality and reproducibility. A common use of tubular and other porous nanostructures in biosensors is to increase mainly the quantity and activity of the immobilized biomolecules. There are three major methods for immobilizing biomolecules: physical adsorption; physical “entrapment;” and covalent attachment. Physical adsorption includes: (1) van der Waals interactions; (2) electrostatic interactions; and (3) affinity recognition. Once adsorbed, the molecules may be further cross-linked to each other. Physical “entrapment” systems include: (1) microcapsules; (2) hydrogels; and (3) physical mixtures such as matrix drug delivery systems. Covalent attachment includes: (1) soluble polymer conjugates; (2) conjugates on solid surfaces; or (3) conjugates within hydrogels. It is clear that the first two are physically based, while the third is based on covalent or “chemical” attachment to the support molecules. However, sometimes the physical attachment process may involve pairs of molecules with very strong affinity interactions, verging on covalent force levels, such as biotin with streptavidin. Thus, it is important to note that the term “immobilization” can refer to a short-term, long-term or “permanent” localization of the biomolecule on or within a support. In the case of a drug delivery system, the immobilized drug is supposed to be released from the support, either over a short period or over a longer-term, while an immobilized enzyme or cell adhesion peptide or protein in an artificial organ is designed to remain attached to or entrapped within the support over the duration of use. Either physical or chemical immobilization can lead to relatively long-term or “permanent” retention on or within a solid support, especially if the immobilized biomolecule is large.