In order for this region to eliminate the vertical transmission of HIV and meet the Millennium Development Goals, interventions need to move beyond the individual-level and address the structural and social barriers preventing women from utilizing PMTCT services. This paper reviews current literature on PMTCT interventions in sub-Saharan Africa from 2006–2012, specifically examining theoretical underpinnings. Overwhelmingly, the approach has been education and counseling.
Benign primary tumors including cystadenomas are the rarest tumors of the seminal vesicles. All around only 22 cases of cystadenoma of the SV have been reported since 1944. The diagnosis is typically made on final pathology since clinical findings and imaging techniques are non-specific. The only curative treatment is surgical resection, either by open or laparoscopic surgery. In our work, we report the case of a giant seminal vesicle cystadenoma in an 80 yearsold patient in whom the huge abdominal cystic mass was suspicious to be related to a malignant process since it presented intimate contact with pelvic structures. Pathological examination after excision of the mass has confirmed the nature of the huge mass as a benign cystadenoma of the seminal vesicle