The exchange of one currency for another, or the conversion of one currency into another currency. The market in which participants are able to buy, sell, exchange and speculate on currencies. System of trading in and converting the currency of one country into that of another. Foreign exchange also refers to the global market where currencies are traded virtually around-the-clock. Foreign exchange markets are made up of banks, commercial companies, central banks, investment management firms, hedge funds, and retail forex brokers and investors. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals publish articles, reviews, editorials, short communications, letters, and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Journals contain articles that peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.