DNA sequencing is the manner of determining the nucleic acid series the order of nucleotides in DNA. It consists of any technique or generation that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Sequencing DNA means determining the order of the 4 chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule. The collection tells scientists the sort of genetic statistics this is carried in a specific DNA phase.
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a piece of DNA. Today, with the right equipment and materials, sequencing a short piece of DNA is relatively straightforward. Sequencing an entire genome (all of an organism’s DNA) remains a complex task. It requires breaking the DNA of the genome into many smaller pieces, sequencing the pieces, and assembling the sequences into a single long "consensus." However, thanks to new methods that have been developed over the past two decades, genome sequencing is now much faster and less expensive than it was during the Human Genome Project.
egions of DNA up to about 900900900 base pairs in length are routinely sequenced using a method called Sanger sequencing or the chain termination method. Sanger sequencing was developed by the British biochemist Fred Sanger and his colleagues in 1977. In the Human Genome Project, Sanger sequencing was used to determine the sequences of many relatively small fragments of human DNA. (These fragments weren't necessarily 900900900 bp or less, but researchers were able to "walk" along each fragment using multiple rounds of Sanger sequencing.) The fragments were aligned based on overlapping portions to assemble the sequences of larger regions of DNA and, eventually, entire chromosomes.
Sequencing DNA means determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule. The sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment. For example, scientists can use sequence information to determine which stretches of DNA contain genes and which stretches carry regulatory instructions, turning genes on or off. In addition, and importantly, sequence data can highlight changes in a gene that may cause disease.
In the DNA double helix, the four chemical bases always bond with the same partner to form "base pairs." Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T); cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). This pairing is the basis for the mechanism by which DNA molecules are copied when cells divide, and the pairing also underlies the methods by which most DNA sequencing experiments are done. The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs that spell out the instructions for making and maintaining a human being.