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The author proposes the "D-cell hypothesis" for molecular basis of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) hyperactivity of schizophrenia.
In the present article, the author proposes a new "D-cell hypothesis" for mesolimbic dopamine (DA) hyperactivity of schizophrenia, of which relevant molecular mechanism has not yet been known. The "D-cell" is defined as "the non-monoaminergic aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)-containing cell". The D-cell contains AADC but not dopaminergic nor serotonergic. D-cells produce trace amines, and also take up amine precursors and convert them to amines by decarboxylation. The author reported "dopa-decarboxylating neurons specific to the human striatum", that is, "D-neurons" in the human striatum, and preliminarily the number reduction of D-neurons in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia. Trace amine-associated receptor, type 1 (TAAR1), a subtype of trace amine receptors, having a large number of ligands, including tyramine, β-phenylethylamine (PEA), and methamphetamine, is a target receptor for the latest neuroleptic discovery. Recent studies have shown that the decreased stimulation of TAAR1 on cell membranes or nerve terminals of DA neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) increased firing frequency of VTA DA neurons. In brains of schizophrenia, dysfunction of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of lateral ventricle may cause reduction of the number of D-neurons in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and may result in decrease of trace amine synthesis. The decrease of stimulation of TAAR1 on terminals of VTA DA neurons caused by trace amine reduction may increase firing frequency of VTA DA neurons, and may finally cause mesolimbic DA hyperactivity. This innovative theory, "D-cell hypothesis" might explain mesolimbic DA hyper-activity in pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The author and her colleagues reported the decrease of D-neurons in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia. This may imply the decrease of trace amine synthesis, resulting the reduced stimulation of TAAR1 on terminals of midbrain VTA DA neurons, and may lead to mesolimbic DA hyperactivity in schizophrenia. The decrease of striatal D-neurons of postmortem brains of schizophrenia is supposed to be due to neural stem cell dysfunction in the subventricular zone of lateral ventricle. The decrease of striatal D-neurons and acts of TAAR1 signals on DA neurons-might explain mesolimbic DA hyperactivity of schizophrenia.