Corynebacterium glutamicum is an industrial microbe traditionally used for the production of amino acids. It proved its potential, however, for the fermentative production of diverse products through genetic–metabolic engineering. It was first discovered as a producer of glutamate. Now it is used to make amino acids, such as lysine, threonine, and isoleucine, as well as vitamins like pantothenate. Through genetic alterations, this microbe showed its efficacy for the simultaneous utilization of hexose and pentose sugars of biomass hydrolysate for making value-added products, such as amino acids and polyamines, and thus making it a strain of choice to work in a biorefinery concept. This soil microbe also showed its efficacy in bioremediation purposes, such as arsenic removal. This chapter will provide an overview of C. glutamicum, including taxonomy, genomics, proteomics, unique metabolic pathways for amino acid production (mainly for glutamic acid and lysine), and industrial potentials mainly in the food industry.