The Journal of Physiology publishes original Research Papers in all areas of physiology and pathophysiology illustrating new physiological principles or mechanisms. Papers on work at the molecular level, cell membrane, single cells, tissues, or organs and on systems physiology are all encouraged. We are particularly keen to publish papers that have a clinical or translational focus, to help further our understanding of the role physiology plays in health and disease. Physiology is the empirical study of a living system's functions and mechanisms. Physiology as a sub-discipline of biology focuses on how organisms, tissues, human organs, cells, and biomolecules perform the chemical and physical functions in a living system. Specialties and subdivisions of physiology include cell physiology, special physiology, systemic physiology, and pathological physiology, often called simply pathology. Physiological scientists, also known as clinical physiologists, work in hospitals, and long-term healthcare facilities. They examine and monitor human physiological organs and systems such as respiratory, nervous, and cardiac systems, to diagnose and treat physiological disorders and long-term illnesses.