Hao Shen have a long-standing interest in basic questions related to generation of effective immune responses, mechanisms of protective immunity, and the establishment of long-term immunological memory. For these basic studies, Hao shen have used two well-characterized murine models of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Listeria monocytogenes. Our recent studies have made a surprising finding that inflammatory signals play opposing roles in regulating different phases of adaptive immune responses. Hao Shen have a long-standing interest in basic questions related to generation of effective immune responses, mechanisms of protective immunity, and the establishment of long-term immunological memory. For these basic studies, Hao shen have used two well-characterized murine models of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Listeria monocytogenes. Our recent studies have made a surprising finding that inflammatory signals play opposing roles in regulating different phases of adaptive immune responses.